Statement by American historians opposing to the Japanese government's attempt to pressure publishers and historians to alter their research outcomes for political purposes

 

미국 역사학자들, 일본정부가 출판사, 역사학자들의 '위안부'에 관한 연구결과 수정토록 압력행사 반대 성명

 

 


[American Historical Association - Perspectives on History]

 

Letters to the Editor

Standing with Historians of Japan

Alexis Dudden, March 2015

To the Editor:

 

As historians, we express our dismay at recent attempts by the Japanese government to suppress statements in history textbooks both in Japan and elsewhere about the euphemistically named “comfort women” who suffered under a brutal system of sexual exploitation in the service of the Japanese imperial army during World War II.

 

Historians continue to debate whether the numbers of women exploited were in the tens of thousands or the hundreds of thousands and what precise role the military played in their procurement. Yet the careful research of historian Yoshimi Yoshiaki in Japanese government archives and the testimonials of survivors throughout Asia have rendered beyond dispute the essential features of a system that amounted to state-sponsored sexual slavery. Many of the women were conscripted against their will and taken to stations at the front where they had no freedom of movement. Survivors have described being raped by officers and beaten for attempting to escape.

 

As part of its effort to promote patriotic education, the present administration of Prime Minister Shinzō Abe is vocally questioning the established history of the comfort women and seeking to eliminate references to them in school textbooks. Some conservative Japanese politicians have deployed legalistic arguments in order to deny state responsibility, while others have slandered the survivors. Right-wing extremists threaten and intimidate journalists and scholars involved in documenting the system and the stories of its victims.

 

We recognize that the Japanese government is not alone in seeking to narrate history in its own interest. In the United States, state and local boards of education have sought to rewrite school textbooks to obscure accounts of African American slavery or to eliminate “unpatriotic” references to the Vietnam War, for example. In 2014, Russia passed a law criminalizing dissemination of what the government deems false information about Soviet activities during World War II. This year, on the 100th anniversary of the Armenian genocide, a Turkish citizen can be sent to jail for asserting that the government bears responsibility. The Japanese government, however, is now directly targeting the work of historians both at home and abroad.

 

On November 7, 2014, Japan’s Foreign Ministry instructed its New York Consulate General to ask McGraw-Hill publishers to correct the depiction of the comfort women in its world history textbook Traditions and Encounters: A Global Perspective on the Past, coauthored by historians Herbert Ziegler and Jerry Bentley.

 

On January 15, 2015, the Wall Street Journal reported a meeting that took place last December between Japanese diplomats and McGraw-Hill representatives. The publisher refused the Japanese government’s request for erasure of two paragraphs, stating that scholars had established the historical facts about the comfort women.

 

On January 29, 2015, the New York Times further reported that Prime Minister Abe directly targeted the textbook during a parliamentary session, stating that he “was shocked” to learn that his government had “failed to correct the things [it] should have.”

 

We support the publisher and agree with author Herbert Ziegler that no government should have the right to censor history. We stand with the many historians in Japan and elsewhere who have worked to bring to light the facts about this and other atrocities of World War II.

 

We practice and produce history to learn from the past. We therefore oppose the efforts of states or special interests to pressure publishers or historians to alter the results of their research for political purposes.

 

Jeremy Adelman
Princeton University

 

W. Jelani Cobb
University of Connecticut

 

Alexis Dudden
University of Connecticut

 

Sabine Frühstück
University of California, Santa Barbara

 

Sheldon Garon
Princeton University

 

Carol Gluck
Columbia University

 

Andrew Gordon
Harvard University

 

Mark Healey
University of Connecticut

 

Miriam Kingsberg
University of Colorado

 

Nikolay Koposov
Georgia Institute of Technology

 

Peter Kuznick
American University

 

Patrick Manning
University of Pittsburgh

 

Devin Pendas
Boston College

 

Mark Selden
Cornell University

 

Franziska Seraphim
Boston College

 

Stefan Tanaka
University of California, San Diego

 

Julia Adeney Thomas
Notre Dame University

 

Jeffrey Wasserstrom
University of California, Irvine

 

Theodore Jun Yoo
University of Hawaii

 

Herbert Ziegler
University of Hawaii

 

Editor’s Note: This letter originated from an informal meeting held at the AHA annual meeting on January 2, 2015 in New York City.

 


 

'아베 과거사 왜곡 반대' 미국 사학자들 집단성명 전문

  • 2015/02/05 23:25

[연합뉴스]

 

<인터뷰> 알렉시스 더든 교수 "역사는 편한대로 기억하는 것 아냐"(종합)

렉시스 더든 "역사는 편한대로 기억하는 것 아냐"

렉시스 더든 "역사는 편한대로 기억하는 것 아냐"

 

(워싱턴=연합뉴스) 노효동 특파원 = 일본 아베 신조(安倍晋三) 총리의 과거사 왜곡시도에 반대하는 집단성명을 주도한 미국 코네티컷 대학의 알렉시스 더든 교수는 5일(현지시간) 연합뉴스·연합뉴스TV와의 서면 인터뷰에서 "역사란 취사선택해 필요한 것만 기억하는게 아니다"라고 밝혔다. (알렉시스 더든 미국 코네티컷 대학 교수 제공) rhd@yna.co.kr

 

아베 과거사 왜곡 반대 집단성명 주도… "있는 그대로 배워야"
작년말부터 동료들과 논의…"위안부 연구 학자들의 전문가적 단결"

 

(워싱턴=연합뉴스) 노효동 특파원 = 일본 아베 신조(安倍晋三) 총리의 과거사 왜곡 시도에 반대하는 집단성명을 주도한 미국 코네티컷 대학의 알렉시스 더든 교수는 5일(현지시간) "역사란 편한 대로 취사선택해 필요한 것만 기억하는 게 아니다"라고 밝혔다.  

더든 교수는 이날 연합뉴스·연합뉴스TV와의 서면 및 전화인터뷰에서 이같이 밝히고 "일본 정부의 미국 역사교과서 수정 압력으로 학술의 자유가 지금 위기에 놓여 있다"고 강조했다.  

더든 교수는 "이것은 결코 '일본 때리기'가 아니다"라며 "위안부 문제를 연구하고 저술 활동을 하는 일본과 한국, 필리핀, 오스트레일리아, 인도네시아 학자들과의 전문가적 단결 행위"라고 말했다.  

미국 컬럼비아 대학을 졸업하고 시카고대학에서 역사학 박사를 취득한 더든 교수는 미국의 대표적 동북아 역사 전문가로, 과거 일본의 리쿄(立敎大學)·게이오(慶應)대학과 한국의 서울대와 연세대에서 공부한 바 있다.

특히 뉴욕타임스를 비롯한 미국 주류 언론에 일본과 동북아문제를 주제로 다양한 기고활동을 벌이고 있다.  

다음은 일문일답.

 

--이번 집단성명 발표를 추진한 경위를 설명해달라.

 

▲작년 11월 말 일본 외무상이 뉴욕 총영사에게 맥그로힐 출판사를 방문해 아베 정권을 불쾌하게 만드는 두 개의 문단을 삭제할 것을 지시했다는 소식을 들었다. 당시 나를 포함한 몇명의 동료들은 우리가 역사학도로서 무슨 일을 할 수 있는지를 논의하기 위해 올 1월2일 미국역사협회 연례회의에서 모이기로 결정했다. 이것은 '일본 때리기'를 하려는 게 결코 아니다. 위안부 이슈들을 연구하고 저술하는 일본과 한국, 필리핀, 오스트레일리아, 인도네시아 학자들과의 전문가적 단결 행위다.

 

--성명에 참여한 학자들은 어떤 사람들인가.

 

▲올 1월2일 비공식 회의에 참석했던 역사학자들은 미국에 근거를 두고 활약 중인 역사학 전문가들을 모두 망라한다. 전공 분야가 광범위할 뿐만 아니라 조교수에서부터 역사학계에서 최고로 유명한 학자에 이르기까지 지위도 다양하다. 우리는 다른 많은 역사학자로부터도 지지를 얻었다. 그러나 최종 명단에는 초기부터 의견을 나눠온 사람들의 이름만을 올렸다. 다른 사학자들이 참여하고 싶다면 언제든지 환영이지만 이것은 위안부 문제를 연구하고 저술해온 많은 역사학자의 노력에 대한 존경의 표시이자 단결을 보여주려는 데 목적이 있다.

 

--현시점에서 이 성명이 왜 중요한가.

 

▲일본군 위안부와 관련된 역사적 기술은 일본뿐만 아니라 전 세계적으로도 사실로서 받아들여져 왔기 때문이다. 정치적 이유로 인해 특별한 역사적 사실과 관련한 저술이나 교습을 변경하려고 하는 것은 용납될 수 없다. 현재 일본 내에서 학술적 자유의 상태가 얼마나 심각한지에 대한 우려를 불러일으키고 있다.

 

--아베 총리가 역사수정주의 사관을 쉽게 바꿀 것 같지 않은데.

 

▲아베 총리는 기억과 역사가 다른 것이라는 점을 이해하는 게 중요하다. 아베 총리는 오랫동안 검증된 역사를 편의적인 국가의 기억으로 대신하려는 정치인이다.

 

--이번 성명에는 미국 학자들만 참여했다. 전 세계의 다른 역사학자들에게 어떤 메시지를 주고 싶나.

 

▲학술적 자유가 위기에 놓여 있다. 특정한 정치적 견해는 실제로 일어난 맥락과 다른 역사를 요구한다. 과거의 역사로부터 필요한 곳만 취사선택하는 현상이 일어나는 것이다. 기억이 역사를 잡아먹는 것이다. 이번에 성명에 서명한 학자들은 동료들이 타깃이 되거나 공격을 받을 때 이를 바로잡는 게 역사학자들의 책임이라는데 합의했다. 우리는 부자가 되려고 사학자가 된 것이 아니다. 우리는 연구와 저술을 하는 데서 반드시 지켜야 할 기준을 가지고 있다.

 

-- 오는 8월 2차 세계대전 종전 70주년을 맞아 아베 총리로부터 어떤 입장표명을 기대하나.

 

▲미국은 일본이 과거의 침략전쟁과 식민지배를 사죄한 1995년 무라야마(村山)담화를 반드시 지지하도록 만들어야 한다고 본다. 지금 아베 총리의 과거사 관련 발언이 무라야마 담화에서 크게 벗어나고 있고 있기 때문이다.

 

전후 질서는 일본이 샌프란시스코 강화조약을 실효적인 것으로 인정하는 데서 출발하고 있으며 샌프란시스코 조약은 바로 1946년 일본의 전쟁범죄를 재단한 극동국제군사재판의 결과에 기초하고 있다. 과거 일본의 특정한 행위를 범죄라고 규정하는 것은 전후 질서에 있어 중요하다. 만일 이것이 흔들린다면 미국으로서는 가만히 있어서는 안 된다.


[Yonhap News Agency]

(Yonhap Interview)

Japan's attempt to dispute wartime history raises questions about academic freedom: U.S. scholar

WASHINGTON, Feb. 5 (Yonhap) -- Japan's attempt to dispute the long-established historical fact about the country's sexual enslavement of Asian women during World War II raises "serious concerns" about academic freedom in the country, an American scholar said Thursday.

Alexis Dudden, a professor at the University of Connecticut, also said in an email interview with Yonhap News Agency that Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe is attempting to "openly supplant long proven histories with preferred national memories."

   Dudden led a group of American history scholars to issue a joint statement expressing strong protest against Japan's pressuring of U.S. publisher McGraw-Hill to alter the description of the sexual slavery issue in one of its textbooks.

It is highly unusual for U.S. history scholars to collectively issue a statement on a specific historical issue. Nineteen scholars belonging to the American Historical Association co-signed the joint statement titled, "Standing with Historians of Japan."

   "The statement matters now because the history involved -- the so-called 'comfort women' -- has long been accepted as fact not only in Japan but also around the world. Targeting this particular history now for political reasons ... raises serious concerns about the state of academic freedom in Japan today," the professor said.

"As for Prime Minister Abe, it is important ... to understand that memory and history are different things. In this instance we have a politician who would openly supplant long proven histories with preferred national memories," she said.

The statement is "an act of professional solidarity with historians in Japan and elsewhere -- South Korea, the Philippines, Australia, Indonesia -- who research and write about these issues, Dudden said.

"Our aim is to show respect and solidarity for the efforts of historians everywhere who have long worked on the so-called comfort women issue and have published their work according to professional standards of evidence and multiple cross-referencing. This is how we produce the work we do, and why we hold to it as accurate and proven," she said.

In the joint statement, the scholars expressed "dismay" at Japan's pressuring of the textbook publisher, accusing the Abe administration of "vocally questioning the established history of the comfort women and seeking to eliminate references to them in school textbooks" as part of its effort to promote patriotic education.

They also stressed that "no government should have the right to censor history."

   "We practice and produce history to learn from the past. We therefore oppose the efforts of states or special interests to pressure publishers or historians to alter the results of their research for political purposes," the statement said.

Dudden stressed that "academic freedom is at stake" when certain political views summon history.

"This is how memory takes over what it calls history by picking and choosing from the past at will instead of learning from it," she said.

"Our small group agrees that it is the responsibility of historians who are able to practice in societies as open as the United States to recognize moments when colleagues elsewhere are themselves targeted and have their work targeted," she added.

Historians estimate that up to 200,000 women, mainly from Korea, which was a Japanese colony from 1910 to 1945, were forced to work in front-line brothels for Japanese soldiers during World War II. But Japan has long attempted to whitewash the atrocity.

The sexual slavery issue has been the biggest thorn in frayed relations between Japan and South Korea, with Seoul demanding Japan take steps to address the grievances of elderly Korean victims of the atrocity and Japan refusing to do so.


US Historians Protest Japan's Attempts to Distort History

 

Anchor: A group of U.S. historians has expressed dismay over the Japanese government’s attempts to change passages about Japan’s wartime sexual slavery in history textbooks in Japan, the U.S. and elsewhere. They stressed that no government should have the right to "censor history."

Our Bae Joo-yon has more.

 

Report: A group of American historians have issued a joint statement, protesting the Japanese government’s pressuring of publishing companies and historians to change the results of their research on Japan’s wartime sexual slavery.

 

The statement, titled "Standing with Historians of Japan,” is set to appear in the March edition of the "Perspectives of History," the official publication of the American Historical Association.


The statement specifically noted that Japan's Foreign Ministry instructed its New York Consulate General last November to ask U.S.-based publisher McGraw-Hill Education to modify depictions of wartime sex slavery in one of its world history textbooks.


The historians said they are dismayed “at recent attempts by the Japanese government to suppress statements in history textbooks both in Japan and elsewhere about the euphemistically named 'comfort women'. 


The scholars, who are members of the American Historical Association, noted that the victims suffered under a brutal system of sexual exploitation in the service of the Japanese imperial army during World War II.


Among the 19 scholars who issued the statement, University of Connecticut Professor Alexis Dudden told KBS that historians have already combed archives and interviewed victims and perpetrators to confirm the essential features of a system that amounted to state-sponsored sexual slavery.

 

[Sound bite: Alexis Dudden – Professor of History at the University of Connecticut (English)]

 

“This is something that's now an internationally recognized history. So, we felt particular responsibility to standing up for something we regard as part of world history.”

Dr. Dudden and her colleagues stressed in the statement that they practice and produce history to learn from the past and they “therefore oppose the efforts of states or special interests to pressure publishers or historians to alter the results of their research for political purposes.”

  

They blamed the Japanese government for attempting to eliminate references to its wartime sexual slavery in school textbooks as part of its effort to promote patriotic education.

 

The joint statement expressed support for authors and publishers and for others who “have worked to bring to light the facts about this and other atrocities of World War II.”

Bae Joo-yon, KBS World Radio News.

 

 


Source:

http://www.historians.org/publications-and-directories/perspectives-on-history/march-2015/letter-to-the-editor-japan

http://world.kbs.co.kr/english/news/news_In_detail.htm?No=108520

http://world.kbs.co.kr/news_print.htm?lang=e&No=108520&Category=News

http://www.yonhapnews.co.kr/photos/1990000000.html?cid=PYH20150205139100071&from=search

http://www.yonhapnews.co.kr/bulletin/2015/02/06/0200000000AKR20150206035000071.HTML?from=search

미국 상원 정보특별위원회(U.S. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence):

중앙정보국의 구금 및 신문 프로그램에 관한 위원회 연구(Committee Study of the CIA's Detention and Interrogation Program)

 

1) 서문, 판단 및 결론, 요약문 (용량초과로 첨부불가)

Link: Study of the CIA's Detention and Interrogation Program - Foreword, Findings and Conclusions, and Executive Summary

 

2) 추가의견

sscistudy2 - Additional Views.pdf 

┗ Link: Additional Views

 

3) 소수의견 및 추가소수의견 (용량초과로 첨부불가)

Link: Minority & Additional Minority Views

 

 

 

* 생각해볼 번역거리: Enhanced Interrogation Techniques = "선진..."?, "향상된..."?, "강화된...", "고강도..."?

 

 


Feinstein report: UN expert calls for prosecution of CIA officers and other US Government officials

 

GENEVA (9 December 2014) – Statement by United Nations Special Rapporteur on counter terrorism and human rights, Ben Emmerson, concerning the publication of the summary of the Feinstein report on crimes committed by the Bush-era CIA:

 

“I welcome the belated publication of the summary report by the United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence into the crimes of torture and enforced disappearance of terrorist suspects by the Bush-era CIA. It has taken four years since the report was finalised to reach this point. The Administration is to be commended for resisting domestic pressure to suppress these important findings.

In my 2013 report* to the Human Rights Council as SpeciaI Rapporteur, I called on the US Government to release the report without further delay, and to ensure that it was published in full, without excessive and unnecessary redactions.

The summary of the Feinstein report which was released this afternoon confirms what the international community has long believed - that there was a clear policy orchestrated at a high level within the Bush administration, which allowed to commit systematic crimes and gross violations of international human rights law.

The identities of the perpetrators, and many other details, have been redacted in the published summary report but are known to the Select Committee and to those who provided the Committee with information on the programme.

It is now time to take action. The individuals responsible for the criminal conspiracy revealed in today’s report must be brought to justice, and must face criminal penalties commensurate with the gravity of their crimes.

The fact that the policies revealed in this report were authorised at a high level within the US Government provides no excuse whatsoever. Indeed, it reinforces the need for criminal accountability.

International law prohibits the granting of immunities to public officials who have engaged in acts of torture. This applies not only to the actual perpetrators but also to those senior officials within the US Government who devised, planned and authorised these crimes.

As a matter of international law, the US is legally obliged to bring those responsible to justice. The UN Convention Against Torture and the UN Convention on Enforced Disappearances require States to prosecute acts of torture and enforced disappearance where there is sufficient evidence to provide a reasonable prospect of conviction. States are not free to maintain or permit impunity for these grave crimes.

It is no defence for a public official to claim that they were acting on superior orders. CIA officers who physically committed acts of torture therefore bear individual criminal responsibility for their conduct, and cannot hide behind the authorisation they were given by their superiors.

However, the heaviest penalties should be reserved for those most seriously implicated in the planning and purported authorisation of these crimes. Former Bush Administration officials who have admitted their involvement in the programme should also face criminal prosecution for their acts.

President Obama made it clear more than five years ago that the US Government recognises the use of waterboarding as torture. There is therefore no excuse for shielding the perpetrators from justice any longer. The US Attorney General is under a legal duty to bring criminal charges against those responsible.

Torture is a crime of universal jurisdiction. The perpetrators may be prosecuted by any other country they may travel to. However, the primary responsibility for bringing them to justice rests with the US Department of Justice and the Attorney General.”

 


Statement from Director Brennan on the SSCI Study on the Former Detention and Interrogation Program

Statement from Director Brennan on the SSCI Study on the Former Detention and Interrogation Program

December 9, 2014


 

Over the past several decades, and especially since the terrible tragedy of 9/11, the CIA has been at the forefront of our Nation’s campaign against al-Qa’ida and other terrorist organizations worldwide. The women and men of the CIA have operated around the globe, 24-hours-a-day, working with their U.S. colleagues as well as with foreign partners to prevent terrorist attacks. As a result of these efforts, including the many sacrifices made by CIA officers and their families, countless lives have been saved and our Homeland is more secure.

As part of the CIA’s global effort to dismantle al-Qa’ida and to prevent future terrorist attacks, the Agency was directed by President Bush six days after 9/11 to carry out a program to detain terrorist suspects around the world. Certain detainees were subjected to enhanced interrogation techniques (EITs), which the Department of Justice determined at the time to be lawful and which were duly authorized by the Bush Administration. These techniques, which were last used by the CIA in December 2007, subsequently were prohibited by an Executive Order issued by President Obama when he took office in January 2009.

Today, the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence (SSCI) released a redacted version of the Executive Summary, Findings, and Conclusions of its Study on CIA’s former detention and interrogation program, along with Minority Views and the Additional Views of a number of Committee members on the same subject. The CIA has also released its redacted June 2013 response to the Study, which is being posted on our website, www.cia.gov.

As noted in CIA’s response to the study, we acknowledge that the detention and interrogation program had shortcomings and that the Agency made mistakes. The most serious problems occurred early on and stemmed from the fact that the Agency was unprepared and lacked the core competencies required to carry out an unprecedented, worldwide program of detaining and interrogating suspected al-Qa’ida and affiliated terrorists. In carrying out that program, we did not always live up to the high standards that we set for ourselves and that the American people expect of us. As an Agency, we have learned from these mistakes, which is why my predecessors and I have implemented various remedial measures over the years to address institutional deficiencies.

Yet, despite common ground with some of the findings of the Committee’s Study, we part ways with the Committee on some key points. Our review indicates that interrogations of detainees on whom EITs were used did produce intelligence that helped thwart attack plans, capture terrorists, and save lives. The intelligence gained from the program was critical to our understanding of al-Qa’ida and continues to inform our counterterrorism efforts to this day.

We also disagree with the Study’s characterization of how CIA briefed the program to the Congress, various entities within the Executive Branch, and the public. While we made mistakes, the record does not support the Study’s inference that the Agency systematically and intentionally misled each of these audiences on the effectiveness of the program. Moreover, the process undertaken by the Committee when investigating the program provided an incomplete and selective picture of what occurred. As noted in the Minority views and in a number of additional views of Members, no interviews were conducted of any CIA officers involved in the program, which would have provided Members with valuable context and perspective surrounding these events.

Throughout its 67-year history, CIA has played a critical role keeping our Nation secure, and CIA officers are rightly proud and honored to be part of an organization that is indispensable to our national security. The numerous challenges on the world stage demand the full attention, focus, and capabilities of the women and men of the CIA so that our country can stay strong and our fellow Americans remain safe. To be successful, the CIA needs to work closely with its Congressional oversight committees as we confront these challenges.  With today’s release of Committee documents and the CIA response, we look forward to the way ahead.

 

Related Documents:

 


CIA Fact Sheet Regarding the SSCI Study on the Former Detention and Interrogation Program

Related Documents:

The Detention and Interrogation Program Ended in 2009 and Will Not Be Renewed at CIA:

  • President Obama ended the detention and interrogation program nearly six years ago in 2009.
  • The use of Enhanced Interrogation Techniques (EITs) by CIA ended in December 2007, and was subsequently prohibited by an Executive Order issued by President Obama when he took office in January 2009.
  • The President also directed that CIA no longer operate detention facilities and banned the use of all interrogation techniques that are not in the Army Field Manual for those held in U.S. custody or under the effective control of the United States in any armed conflict.
  • It is Director Brennan’s resolute intention to ensure that Agency officers scrupulously adhere to these directives, which the Director fully supports.

 

History:

  • The detention and interrogation program was authorized by President George W. Bush six days after the terrorist attacks of 9/11, reviewed and determined to be lawful by the Justice Department, and implemented by the CIA.
  • The program was one part of a global counter-terrorism effort undertaken by CIA to dismantle al-Qa’ida and prevent another mass-casualty strike on American soil.

 

CIA’s Response Acknowledges Serious Mistakes:

  • CIA’s 2013 response (found at www.cia.gov) to the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence (SSCI) Study acknowledges that the program had shortcomings and the Agency made mistakes. The most serious problems occurred early on and stemmed from the fact that the Agency was unprepared and lacked the core competencies required to undertake an unprecedented program of detaining and interrogating suspected terrorists around the world.
  • In carrying out that program, CIA did not always live up to the high standards that we set for ourselves and that the American people expect of us.
  • CIA has owned up to these mistakes, learned from them, and taken numerous corrective actions over the years. Further improvements to CIA practices continue to be made today as a result of our review of the SSCI Study.

 

The Program Produced Valuable and Unique Intelligence:

  • The Agency takes no position on whether intelligence obtained from detainees who were subjected to EITs could have been obtained through other means or from other individuals. The answer to this question is, and will remain, unknowable.
  • However, CIA reviews indicate that the program, including interrogations of detainees on whom EITs were used, did produce valuable and unique intelligence that helped thwart attack plans, capture terrorists and save lives. Tab C of the Agency’s response addresses this issue in detail.
  • CIA’s position on the value of information derived from detainees is not an endorsement of the policy decision to use EITs or an “ends-justify-the-means” case for them, but merely a reflection of the historical record.
  • CIA assesses that most of the 20 case studies cited in the SSCI Study and the Agency’s representations about them remain valid examples of the program’s effectiveness, although CIA has acknowledged some flaws in its past representations.

 

Bin Ladin Example:

  • For instance, information that CIA obtained from detainees played a role, in combination with other streams of intelligence, in finding Usama Bin Ladin.
  • Information from detainees in CIA custody relating to the involvement of courier Abu Ahmad al-Kuwaiti in delivering messages to and from Bin Ladin fundamentally changed our assessment of his potential importance to our hunt for Bin Ladin.
  • As an example, Ammar al-Baluchi, after undergoing EITs, was the first detainee to reveal that Abu Ahmad al-Kuwaiti served as a courier for messages from Bin Ladin after Bin Laden had departed Afghanistan. Before that, CIA had only general information that Abu Ahmad had interacted with Bin Ladin before the group’s retreat from Tora Bora in late 2001, when Bin Ladin was relatively accessible to a number of al-Qa’ida figures.
  • This information prompted CIA to re-question other detainees on Abu Ahmad’s role, to review previous reporting in light of this information, and to increase the focus of Abu Ahmad’s role in our questioning. CIA then combined this information with reporting from other streams to build a profile of Abu Ahmad’s experiences, family, and characteristics that allowed us to eventually determine his true name and location.

CIA Representations to Congress, the Executive Branch, and the Public Regarding the Program:

  • CIA disagrees with the Study’s inference that the CIA systematically and intentionally misrepresented the program to Congress, others in the Executive Branch, and the media.
  • The Agency’s record is not perfect – there were instances where representations about the program that were used or approved by Agency officers were inaccurate, imprecise, or fell short of Agency tradecraft standards -- but the factual record does not support the inference in the Study that the Agency conspired to intentionally mislead the Congress or others regarding the effectiveness of the program.
  • Within the limits on access established by the White House, CIA made a good faith effort to keep Congressional oversight committee leaders fully briefed on the program.
  • CIA also facilitated multiple reviews by its own Inspector General (IG), whose reports allowed Agency leaders to address a number of the same shortcomings noted in the SSCI report.
  • Despite some flaws in CIA’s representations of effectiveness, the overall nature and value of the program, including the manner in which interrogations were carried out and the IG’s findings about the program’s shortcomings, were accurately portrayed to CIA’s Executive and Legislative Branch overseers, as well as the Justice Department.

 

CIA’s Response Included Recommendations Based on a Review of the Study:

  • While there are no specific recommendations for CIA improvement in the SSCI Study, CIA developed its own recommendations based on a review of the concerns raised in the Study. CIA has made substantial progress implementing these recommendations, including:
    • To better plan and manage sensitive programs, CIA has codified a requirement to explicitly address at the outset lines of authority, resources, the implications of public disclosure, and an exit strategy.
    • CIA is improving how it assesses the effectiveness of its sensitive programs and has instituted a process for determining which assignments entail particularly sensitive responsibilities requiring enhanced vetting of CIA officers being considered for those assignments.
    • CIA has created a mechanism to ensure it regularly revalidates and, as necessary, updates the factual basis for the legal guidance on which it relies from the Justice Department’s Office of Legal Counsel.
    • CIA has established a requirement that internal accountability boards do not focus exclusively on individual misconduct, but look more broadly at any systemic problems.

CIA’s Response Takes an Introspective Look at the Past with an Eye towards the Future:

  • CIA has learned many lessons over the years from this chapter in its history, and the Agency is stronger as a result. The SSCI Study is no exception.
  • Nevertheless, CIA must ensure the SSCI Study doesn’t undermine the confidence of officers charged with executing current or future Presidential directives and hopes that, in the future, such reports can be the result of collaborative, bi-partisan investigations.
  • CIA sincerely hopes that, as a result of the Committee’s work and our subsequent review and response, we can move forward in our efforts to address successfully the many national security challenges facing our nation. By learning from the past while focusing on the future, we will be best able to meet our responsibility to protect the American people.

 


CIA's June 2013 Response to the SSCI Study on the Former Detention and Interrogation Program

 

CIAs_June2013_Response_to_the_SSCI_Study_on_the_Former_Detention_and_Interrogation_Program.pdf

 


 

출처:

http://www.intelligence.senate.gov

http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=15397&LangID=E

CIA's June 2013 Response to the SSCI Study on the Former Detention and Interrogation Program [PDF 5.4MB]

https://www.cia.gov/news-information/press-releases-statements/2014-press-releases-statements/statement-from-director-brennan-on-ssci-study-on-detention-interrogation-program.html

https://www.cia.gov/news-information/press-releases-statements/2014-press-releases-statements/cia-fact-sheet-ssci-study-on-detention-interrogation-program.html


World Chronicle #996

Louise Arbour

UN High Commissioner for Human Rights

7 December 2005

  

World Chronicle 제996회

Louise Arbour

UN 인권최고대표

2005. 12. 7.

 

Webcast:

Archived Video - 28min

 

Transcript 

 

PRODUCER | 제작자: Andi Gitow
PROGRAMME NO. | 회차: 996
TAPE DATE | 녹화일: 7 December 2005/2005. 12. 7.
TIME | 시간: 1:30 pm (STUDIO H)

DIRECTOR | 감독: Dave Woodie

 

 

JOURNALISTS | 언론인:
Ghida Fakhry, Asharq Al-Awsat
Warren Hoge, New York Times
MODERATOR | 진행:
Tony Jenkins

 

Keywords:

terrorism,

torture,

diplomatic assurance,

extraordinary rendition,

Guantanamo Bay,

Commission on Human Rights,

Cuba,

Western States,

double standard,

selectivity,

Canada,

Syria,

United States,

Sweden,

Egypt,

Iraq,

detention,

waterboarding,

ICCPR,

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights,

Human Rights Committee,

Committee against Torture,

CAT,

Geneva Conventions,

international armed conflict,

internal armed conflict,

"War on Terror",

Colombia,

"robust repression of terrorism",

enemy combatant,

Human Rights Council

 

핵심어:

테러리즘

고문

diplomatic assurance,

extraordinary rendition,

관타나모 만,

UN 인권위원회,

쿠바,

서부국가,

이중잣대,

선별성,

캐나다,

시리아,

미국,

스웨덴,

이집트,

이라크,

구금,

waterboarding,

자유권규약,

시민적, 정치적 권리에 관한 국제규약,

자유권위원회,

고문방지위원회,

제네바협약,

국제적 무력충돌,

국내적 무력충돌,

"테러와의 전쟁",

콜롬비아,

"robust repression of terrorism",

적전투원,

인권이사회